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• Sonic log interpretation Ventre. , For SLB sonic tools, the Acoustics Interpretation Suite is available to go beyond the industry basics for sonic analysis. Geological data are assigned to one of three classes of structural features corresponding to the three main classes of elastic anisotropy: One of the major challenges in the interpretation of sonic logs is the presence of bed-boundary (shoulder-bed) effects, which can decrease the accuracy of the estimated elastic properties due to A Petrophysical Interpretation Using the Velocities of P and S Waves (Full-Waveform Sonic) M. SR, caliper etc) integrated travel I millisecond INTERVAL TRANSIT Sonic logging tools measure the travel time of seismic waves in the formation, from which we can estimate the primary porosity. Obtain the elastic wave velocity log, V(z), from the sonic log using Eq. Sonic 3 & Knuckles is the grand finale of the Death Egg saga, which began in the first game. It is also shown how petrophysicists are interpreting sonic logs in gas-saturated shaly sands This chapter describes the methodology of the speed of sound also known as sonic log. In the second figure we display the velocity log (red) for a well with the SDL overlain (black). 5 is used to calculate the porosity using density and neutron log [16, 17] . Comparison of synthetic sonic log sections to the conventional seismic data from which they were derived, clearly demonstrates improved understanding of subsurface geology. Examples. None actually measures porosity directly. SYSTEMS The most typical porosity tools are density, neutron and sonic. topics on their own right that require at length discussion, and hence have not been addressed in this re view. Attempts to match or tie the sonic to the seismic are beset with problems, which have been extensively studied elsewhere. Track 4 shows the delta-t velocity analysis from the semblance processing of the filtered, stacked waveforms. These include the nlith and mlith crossplot (where mlith and nlith are This article, written by Senior Technology Editor Dennis Denney, contains highlights of paper SPE 146732, ’Geosteering With Sonic in Conventional and Unconventional Reservoirs,’ by Jason Pitcher, SPE, Jennifer Market, and David Hinz, Halliburton, prepared for the 2011 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, 30 October-2 November. With the increasing needs to interpret the formation mechanical properties from sonic velocity, Gardner's method has been also used to derive the P-wave velocity from density data, i. Furthermore, sonic logs and resistivity logs, can be applied for source rock assessments of their organic matter contents (Aziz et al. voltage) show sound, major defect and minor defect results. 62 for Vertical seismic profiling (VSP) techniques provide a method to measure accurately the seismic velocity and lithologic structure near the borehole. The crosshole sonic logging (CSL) is a widely used non-destructive testing method for quality control of concrete piles. Proximate analysis components, gas content, porosity and permeability are the most important parameters for CBM reservoir evaluation. Interactive Petrophysics Program (IP) 3. SONIC LOG The sonic log is a porosity log that measures Abstract Well ties to seismic data establish the fundamental link between geology as we measure it in a well bore and the seismic expression of geology that we work with as interpreters. It is the result of combining Sonic the Hedgehog 3 with Sonic & Knuckles into a If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password. [Formation Evaluation] A presentation of the acoustic waveform at a receiver of a sonic or ultrasonic measurement, in which the amplitude is presented in color or the shades of a gray scale. * Types. Tube defects like debonding, poor joints, or bent tubes can appear as anomalies in CSL results Our interpretation may implicitly allow us to model the core, in an analogous manner to using seismic data to simulate sonic logs between wells. , 2003 Annual Logging The BHC sonic log became an industry standard after its introduction in 1964 and is still used widely today. (2016) deal with sonic long interpretation and sonic anisotropy problems in detail. Thus, Vs is sometimes estimated from Poisson’s ratio for various rock types (Paillet and Cheng, 1991) or ABSTRACT. Extracting wave speeds is a complex procedure, which to a large extent relies on interpretation. Sonic logs require The analysis of sonic logs is critical for creating velocity models used in seismic data interpretation. . Assessment of Foamed - Cement Slurries Using Conventional Cement Evaluation Logs and Improved Interpretation Methods Sonic logging is a well logging tool that provides a formation's interval transit time, designated as , which is a measure of a formation's capacity to transmit seismic waves. This algorithm helps us to define an optimum number of clusters (Mohamed et al Theory, Measurement, and Interpretation of Well Logs. Overlay interpretation techniques provide quick 8. et al. Used with Sonic Logs to generate synthetic Dipole Sonic Imager LOG. , Graham, W. As an aid to seismic interpretation it can be used to give interval velocities and velocity profiles, and can be calibrated with the seismic section. 1 with different Δt ma, Output taken from GEOSUITE software by Geologix from publication: Uncertainty in Well Log Analyses and Different approaches to log interpretation many times produce different conclusions based on the use of more data or less data including more or less “good” data. G. One of these wells was cored from top to bottom penetrating about 500m of salt at 460 meters vertical depth. Secara kuantitatif, log sonic dapat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi porositas dalam lubang yang terisi fluida, dalam interpretasi seismik dapat digunakan untuk menentukan interval velocities dan velocity profile selain itu juga dapat dikalibrasi dengan penampang seismik. Uses radioactive source to generate gamma rays. To answer the challenge of real-time sonic data processing, this paper presents well-designed, self-adaptive, The continuous sonic log was developed to provide a detailed record of velocity for seismologists and even today the majority of sonic logs are run for this purpose, particularly in intermediate 8. 5. The basic conventional well logs are self-potential, gamma ray, Abstract. The modeling of “synthdone by Alam etic core” has been (2012) who used logs, knowledge of sedimentary facies, and cores from nearby fields for Sonic log data provides us with the speed of elastic waves in the rock around the borehole – but not directly. Induction tools use Aiming at a serious obstacle for building a log interpretation model to accurately interpret density and sonic speed value of each coal component which cannot be measured Download scientific diagram | Dipole sonic logs and anisotropy analysis for a well in the Rocky Mountains, U. Market and Canady (2009), Wang et al. The detailed measurements of velocity may be used to interpret rock type. 62 for Density or RHOB log as a solid/void ratio in rocks is deeply influenced by the porosity and lithology. Sonic log data can also be combined with other well log data types, such as Sonic logs measure the travel time of sound waves through formations to determine properties like porosity. The units are msec/ft, the inverse of velocity. Effective seismic interpretation requires correlating seismic data with well data. This work condenses various highly deviated and horizontal well log interpretation techniques supported by field examples. 3-1 illustrates a stacked section with a bright The interpretation of sonic logs is sensitive to formation pressure and rock compressibility, particularly in unconsolidated rocks. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager; EasyBib; Bookends; Mendeley; Papers; Download scientific diagram | Sonic porosity calculated from Eq. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero Training Methodology This Open and Cased Hole Log Interpretation training course will utilise a variety of proven adult learning techniques to ensure maximum understanding, comprehension and retention of the information presented, the sessions will include visual, auditory and kinesthetic elements to cover the three different learning modalities. The logs (sonic and density) measurements are usually Multitrack log display. docx), PDF File (. Drilling deviated wells has become customary in recent times. From a set of 42 dipole sonic logs, we examined some repeated logs and examined the differences and similarities of these data. Enwenode Onajite, in Seismic Data Analysis Techniques in Hydrocarbon Exploration, 2014. a Shallow measurements do not work in oil-based muds. The oscillating motion generated by a sound source (transducer) in an elastic medium (rock formation) is called an elastic wave or acoustic wave (also called In Rock physics we use sonic and density log recordings to connect seismic interpretations with petrophysical analysis. 3. Gamma ray collides with electrons in formation, losing energy. 2 g/cm 3 and ϕ N = 33 p. The recorded value is simply a value that fulfills the requirements of the depth equation. The normal ranges for many commonly logged properties (e. Density logs Measures formation’s bulk density Used as a porosity measure Differentiates lithologies with Neutron Log. Oolitic carbonate reservoir sonic log data were used and results are in good agreement with lab data. Basic well Logging Analysis – Log Interpretation. For example, Onalo et al. S. SR, caliper etc) integrated travel I millisecond INTERVAL TRANSIT A Petrophysical Interpretation Using the Velocities of P and S Waves (Full-Waveform Sonic) M. J. The ultrasonic signals (time vs. Sonic, Cement Bond Logging, and Full-Waveform Sonic (e. The familiar third track on a standard log display is the best example. An operating company may wish to verify data that was previously processed, or reprocess a log with a specific purpose in mind, for Abstract. The Log Analyst 37 (4): 30–44. By Zaki Bassiouni. The following information is for informational purposes only. Inversion of the series will produce a low‐cut filtered impedance log. CSL is a common nondestructive testing method but results can be misinterpreted if not properly understood. The sands have a lower sonic Sonic Porosity Formula • From the Sonic log, a sonic derived porosity log (SPHI) may be derived: – Wyllie Time-average – Raymer-Hunt-Gardner – For unconsolidated formations • This The acoustic, or sonic, log, however, is the ketchup (or condiment of choice) used liberally by both parties, although often for different purposes. Also called acoustic-velocity log and continuous-velocity log. Seismic data loading and visualization; Data optimization and mis-tie analysis; Seismic Well Tie process: data preparation, sonic log calibration, wavelet generation, synthetic method to calculate porosity from sonic logs acquired from horizontal wells. Sc. SONIC LOG The sonic log is a porosity log that measures Convert the density log in depth to that against two-way time using the TTI information from the sonic log. L. (16). First Time Arrival (FTA) is an important consideration. The plotted quantities are explained in Sec. Velocity = 40 10-6 = 25,000 7,620 m/s . Log Interpretation SummarySonic logging tools excite compressional, shear, and different dispersive modes in a wellbore. 91 - THE GEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF WELL LOGS - Table 8. Sonic travel time ( t) is inversely proportional to the speed of sound (v) in the formation. "Sonic Porosity Log", Theory, Measurement, and Interpretation of Well Logs, Zaki Bassiouni. In many cases, density (RHOB) Figure 8. , 2018) as a significant step in seismic data interpretation and inversion (Margrave, 2013). b The ohm-meter (Ω-m) is a unit of measurement of resistance. 1 below). Trends were identified in sands and shales and were matched with semi-empirical correlations based on It is discussed how real-time sonic logging-while-drilling (LWD) measurements are being used. The density log usually labelled ‘RHOB’ measures the density of the borehole and the rocks penetrated by the drill bit. To obtain unconfined compressive strength (UCS), 18 intervals were tested with a total of 389 point load tests. In this analysis of sonic log errors and repeatability, we examine a series of sonic logs from Nexen’s Long Lake heavy oil field. Inversion of the series will produce a low‐cut filtered Anisotropy Assessment of Dipole Sonic Log Data through Dispersion Analysis Thu Bui 1, Jyoti Behura;2,Farnoush Forghani , and Manika Prasad1 (Pitman et al. 2. Gassmann (1951) fluid substitution relates elastic velocities of a porous medium at one saturation to the elastic velocities at another saturation. Recognition of Permeability. Even under the best of circumstances bond logging interpretation requires a thorough understanding of the fundamentals of sonic logging. This tutorial presents an example of tying a well to time-processed seismic data using a blocked sonic log for a case in which neither a vertical seismic profile, a synthetic seismogram, nor a check Theory, Measurement, and Interpretation of Well Logs. M. Abstract. Thus, a decrease in density leads to an increase in porosity when the lithology is recognized. Log interpretation of upper part of ABSTRACT Real-time open-hole wireline sonic logging data processing becomes a nontrivial task to accurately, automatically, and efficiently evaluate the compressional and shear slowness of a borehole rock formation when human interaction is not possible and the signal processing time is limited to the elapsed time between different transmitter excitations. If a sonic log is added to the log suite, quantitative information about lithology can be estimated using crossplots, and the log suite can be used to calibrate seismic data. (2015a, b), and Kinoshita et al. Trans. In some cases, however, Vs is difficult to generate or interpret in the full-waveform log. A segmented sonic log curve records an interval transit time across each segment, regardless of segment size. A sonic log is a type of well log that measures the speed of sound waves in different layers of rock and fluid in a borehole. e. We took the sonic log mean as a baseline, and that is because sonic on average increases with depth due to compaction. Its main use is to provide information to support sonic log / Acoustic logging is one of petrophysical tool to evaluate well parameter oil filed. The paper has CBL/ VDL Log Quality Control and Interpretation. To address real-time Acoustic-velocity logs, also called sonic logs or transit-time logs, are a record of the travel time of an acoustic wave from one or more transmitters to receivers in the probe. ↑ Plona, T. When a combination of porosity tools is used, the mineralogy may be inferred, as well as the porosity. This article aims to provide an introduction to the history of sonic Detailed and accurate mapping of the marine environment is important for a number of stakeholder groups, including energy companies (oil and gas, and, increasingly, offshore renewables), policy groups who require environmental data for marine spatial planning, resource and conservation management, and academic researchers who aim to better understand the The sonic log is a measurement of the mechanical wave slowness (the inverse of the velocity) throughout the formation, produced by a source located inside a tool immersed in a fluid filled borehole. It explains that tube defects like debonding, poor joints, or bending can alter signal arrival times and be mistaken for The normal ranges for many commonly logged properties (e. It is also shown how petrophysicists are interpreting sonic logs in gas-saturated This tutorial presents an example of tying a well to time-processed seismic data using a blocked sonic log for a case in which neither a vertical seismic profile, a synthetic seismogram, nor a Sonic Log The sonic log measures interval transit time (Δt) of a compressional sound wave traveling through one foot of formation. Data sets were acquired and analyzed on Vp/Vs versus Δtc crossplots. The horizon was calibrated and defined on the seismic section with well logs data (well tops, check Nondestructive testing of drilled shaft foundations via Crosshole Sonic Logging (CSL) is often performed as part of the quality assurance process to assess educate the industry on the Tying well log to seismic is generally more precise by correlating wiggle traces obtained from well-based reflectivity in vertical seismic profile (VSP) or a synthetic seismogram Sonic logs are used for determining porosity or the fluid content, recognizing lithology, fracture detection, Finding the hydrocarbon presented in the formation is the initial A sonic log is a type of well log that measures the speed of sound waves in different layers of rock and fluid in a borehole. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager; EasyBib; Bookends; Mendeley; Papers; 3 provide the variable density logs of the full waveforms from the near and far receivers, respectively. A reliable approach to This document discusses the interpretation and potential misinterpretation of results from cross-hole sonic logging (CSL) tests on cast-in-place concrete foundations. Results are variable in hydrocarbon Sonic logs rely on the properties inherent in Snell’s Law to propagate sound from a logging tool through the rock to receivers located on the same logging tool. Figure 11. It involves the recording of the time Well logs present a concise, detailed plot of formation parameters versus depth. These include the nlith and mlith crossplot (where mlith and nlith are Synthetic sonic logs; a process for stratigraphic interpretation The detailed measurements of velocity may be used to interpret rock type. The methodology is based on a joint interpretation of borehole images and sonic logs. 2004). This paper aims to identify the types of defects, location of defects, size of defects, and capacity of five concrete piles using a High strain dynamic pile test and Cross-hole sonic logging test. Krief C. A processing method wide-band CSL data is presented herein. Comparisons of the above attributes for P−wave and shear-wave logs. Formation Dipole Sonic Imager LOG. , and Griffith, J. If a sonic log is not available but a density log is, then Gardner’s relationship is generally used to estimate sonic data. Overlay SAMPLE SPECIFICATION for CROSSHOLE SONIC LOGGING (CSL) September 2015 Note: This sample specification contains recommended or typical quantities in parenthesis, in the following logs density log, neutron log and sonic log. Full-wave sonic logging was used to characterize the shallow compressional wave and shear wave velocity profiles in the site. Facies and Environments Reservoir Evaluation. The sonic velocity can This document discusses the interpretation and potential misinterpretation of results from cross-hole sonic logging (CSL) tests on cast-in-place concrete foundations. One of the major challenges in the interpretation of sonic logs is thin-bed averaging effects, which can significantly reduce the accuracy of the estimated properties. Fluid types & contacts. The key criteria for the selection of petrophysical data/well logs (Fig. Waveforms acquired at the receiver array are processed to calculate compressional and shear slowness logs, from which one can estimate relevant dynamic elastic properties of rock formations surrounding the borehole. The units are micro seconds/ft, which is Vertical stress profile was generated from density logs; pore pressure was estimated using Eaton's method by employing resistivity and sonic logs. an openhole log run in 199X in a well ahead of the water front, using a later generation sonic logging Log plot of data channels from three sections from Volve 15/9-F-11 B. , 2020). Basic Well Log Analysis and Petrophysics Course Objectives Cover the fundamentals of log analysis for interpreting open-hole and LWD logs. 8. In track 1 measured depth, MD, in feet, the green shaded area is bounded The Mishrif Formation is rich in petroleum in this area, with an area covering about 820 km2. Porosity and Permeability Determination. We present a methodology to identify the mechanism responsible for elastic anisotropy observed by dipole sonic logs. Compared to that in vertical wells, log interpretation in highly deviated wells is complex because the readings are affected not only by the host bed but also the adjacent beds and Sonic, Cement Bond Logging, and Full-Waveform Sonic. " The Log Analyst 31 (1990): No Pagination Specified. The introduction, a few years ago, of shear dipole sonic logs gave the industry the possibility to record high-quality shear and compressional slownesses in soft formations. At = 401. g. Lithology Determination. Based on Fig. Since the Swave is practically insensitive to fluid effect, there must be no Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2020. One may wonder if there’s a calculator for Geologists that can easily solve calculations on porosity for sonic log. The well logs should be recorded over all the Good One Fundamentals of Well Log Interpretation The Acquisition of Logging Data. "A Petrophysical Interpretation Using the Velocities of P and S Waves (Full-Waveform Sonic). Sonic Log The sonic log is a porosity log that measures interval transit time (Δt) of a compressional sound wave traveling through one foot of formation. 2. The Log Analyst 31 (6): 355–369. From these plots, interpreters can identify lithologies, differentiate between porous and The sonic or acoustic log measures the travel time of an elastic wave through the formation. Sometimes, people do go fancy. * Mark of Schlumberger Induction. ↑ Spears, R. The interpretation of the CBL cement bond log response with bond index requires correct knowledge of the amplitude of 100% cemented sheath and of free pipe used in the cementing operations. By using the sonic porosity, For a proper well-tie sonic logs therefore require correction. Yes, there’s a simple tool to use to fast-track the process. Consequently, tying development Abstract. , Vishkai and others, 2017). Numerical simulations are examined for HA/HZ fluid-filled borehole models, in which sonic tools with monopole and dipole sources operate across a horizontal bed boundary in hard and soft but we have access to well logs and seismic data. Track 5 provides the log of the sonic porosity and the log of the in-tool borehole compensa-tion corrections. Stellingwerff, J. ML has emerged as a new way to approach technical problems, that is, unrecorded logs of wellbore or deficiencies in measured logs, by analyzing and generating reliable logs (Liu et al. This is usually accomplished by visually correlating a synthetic seismogram, generated from sonic and density logs, with nearby seismic data. 2002. A magnetostrictive transducer, excited from the surface by a signal, emits a sound wave whose average frequency is of the order of 20–40 kHz. Log interpretation of upper part of Request PDF | Determination of Rock Strength Using Advanced Sonic Log Interpretation Techniques | Abstract Analysis and prediction of geomechanical problems is important for the success of Sonic Travel Time Logs. Because we are stuck with values reported in apparent neutron porosity, that is how we typically interpret them. A consistent signal arrival time There is also much more clarity in interpretation of results compared to any other non destructive tests for deep foundations. There are four main wave types measured: compressional, It is discussed how real-time sonic logging-while-drilling (LWD) measurements are being used. FORMATION Archie Equation Sw Water saturation (Sw) of a reservoir’s uninvaded zone is calculated by the Archie (1942) formula. For Advanced acoustic logging. The erratic swings in the velocity log would leave any interpreter confused. In other words, an increase in Nondestructive testing of drilled shaft foundations via Crosshole Sonic Logging (CSL) is often performed as part of the quality assurance process to assess educate the industry on the proper interpretation of CSL test. , 1978. For oil and gas sedimentary basin, the well data are mainly used to identify Advanced Well Log Interpretation training course is meticulously designed to cover the entire spectrum of well logging, from the fundamental principles and tools involved in well Point A, plotted as an example, corresponds to log readings of ϕ B = 2. Gaps and misunderstandings are still existing in the scientific interpretation of geophysical well logs. High sonic log values due to higher OM or gas contents. Acoustic waveforms can be When a sonic log file contained a gamma ray (GR) log, this curve was loaded to be able to determine if a depth shift was required (see section 2. download Download free PDF View PDF chevron_right. Hostile-Environment Sonic Logging Tool (HSLT) Book Log Interpretation Principles/Applications The work proposal is testing, in carbonates, an empirical methodology to estimate porosity from measured S-wave slowness (already been successfully tested in sandstones, Silva and Beneduzi (2018)). Cross-multiplied with the density, the somc is Acoustic-velocity logs, also called sonic logs or transit-time logs, are a record of the travel time of an acoustic wave from one or more transmitters to receivers in the probe. porosity of formation. Interpretation by the lines on the plot yields 23% and V sh (or V lam) = 16 can also be estimated from density and sonic P-wave and S-wa ve logs. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero Sonic Log Interpretation. The travel time of sound waves is measured by the sonic or acoustic logging tool. The mud filtrate is less saline then the formation water so it becomes negetivly charge as a result of diffusion potential. Not only is it fundamental for time-to-depth conversion and correct event tying; but it is also essential for thin-bed analysis. Log QC. 1999. • Sonic value are given in microseconds (μs) pr foot (1 microsecond = 1/ 1000000 seconds) the value is called the interval transit time and is symbolized as Δt. In pile capacity analysis or CSL analysis, it is assumed that pile cross section is uniform with uniform value of elastic modulus of concrete but in real practice both Acoustic-velocity logs, also called sonic logs or transit-time logs, are a record of the travel time of an acoustic wave from one or more transmitters to receivers in the probe. The principles of borehole acoustic logging (and surface seismic methods) are based on the theory of wave propagation in an elastic medium, as detailed in several sources. So, there you ABSTRACT Many development wells do not have sonic logs recorded, often because of mechanical issues with deviated wellbores or high cost. Borehole sonic measurements are widely used by the oil and gas industry to estimate elastic and mechanical properties of rock formations surrounding a wellbore. Seismic interpretation: the physical aspects. 15 CBM seams in the southern Qinshui basin of China, regression analysis is used to establish the prediction models of the components of waveform components important in modern sonic logging are typically a domain of expertise of the geophysicist. Based on the analysis of the conventional well log response of the no. 6, a linear and direct relationship is observed between the velocity of sonic waves and density log. The well log data provide almost all kind of the rock physical properties of a sedimentary basin. At the most basic of levels, all sonic tools combine transmitters and receivers that allow the transit time of sound energy through the formation to be measured. The wave velocity in a formation will depend on the matrix and fluid composition, the porosity, the pore geometry and the pressure which In order to derive accurate porosity and hydrocarbon saturation values in resistivity log interpretation, accurate a, m, and n values are required. neutron porosity, sonic transit time, and resis-tivity) are as wide in basalts as in sediments. In Rock physics we use sonic and density log recordings to connect seismic interpretations with petrophysical analysis. The sonic log brings together familiarity, biases, and expertise from geophysics, geology, Lindseth first introduced the concept of synthetic sonic logs and used it in the interpretation of stratigraphic prospects. (1977) Aron, J. • Sonic log is usually displayed in track 2 or 3 • Units: μsec/ft, μsec/m • Mnemonics: DT, AC • Symbol: φ. It is one of the most common and useful tools for oil and A brief literature review discussing significant theories of well log interpretation is discussed in Sect. P. , 2001), the interpretation Crosshole Sonic Logging can be carried out on piles scheduled for traditional static loading by top-down load application or bi-directional testing using O-cell® technology. G Another importance of the sonic logs is related to determining the well-to-seismic ties (Bader et al. Please click on the PDF icon to access. Logging environments and log curves need correction and standardization before interpretation, additionally, there are some special geological Understanding Seismic Interpretation Methodology. Below examples shows that the combination of ultrasonic and sonic logging tools can help to evaluate cement bond quality behind casing, assist in The BHC sonic log became an industry standard after its introduction in 1964 and is still used widely today. Acoustic theory and wave propagation. This article presents a case study concerning a seismic characterization project. Several researchers have earlier used horizontal and highly deviated wells logs to ascertain various reservoir Integrated interpretation of well logging, as applied to subsurface petroleum reservoirs, has historically been defined as the practice of determining reservoir thickness, lithology, porosity, hydrocarbon saturation, and permeability, using information obtained from a borehole. With the advancement in Rock Physics and seismic quantitative interpretation required for understanding modern day's complex reservoirs, accurate sonic log data is the need of the age. Problems in well-log interpretation of shale reservoirs arise from the very tight nature of these rocks, the presence of OM and inorganic minerals (especially clay minerals), as well as our poor knowledge of shale porosities and hydrocarbon Log sonik mengukur kemampuan formasi untuk meneruskan gelombang suara. The flexural-dipole waveforms are dispersive borehole-guided waves that are sensitive to borehole geometry, mud, and formation properties, and therefore ABSTRACT:. 1 The principal uses of the sonic log (conventional, compressional wave tools). The wave velocity in a formation will depend on the matrix and fluid composition, the porosity, the pore geometry and the pressure which 5. vivek boghara. 3 provide the variable density logs of the full waveforms from the near and far receivers, respectively. : "Porosity Estimation from Shear Wave Interval Transit Time in the Norphlet Aeolian Jurassic Sandstone of Southern and Offshore Alabama," paper N, Trans. pdf), Text File (. Thus, methods used to smooth velocity/sonic or density logs should be added to the list of potential pitfalls associated with synthetics modelling published by Henry . Well log data give us detailed information at the location of the borehole. Usually measured with frequencies 1 to 50 kHz. This tutorial presents an example of tying a well to time-processed seismic data using a blocked sonic log for a case in which neither a vertical seismic profile, a synthetic seismogram, nor a check established. General Sonic • Interpretation goals: – Porosity – Lithology identification (with Density and/or Neutron) – Synthetic seismograms (with Density) – Formation mechanical In log interpretation, hydrocarbon, the rock, and fresh water of the formation are all assumed to act as insulators (very highly resistive) to electric current flow. The document describes the Dipole Sonic Imager Tool (DSI-2) which combines monopole and crossed-dipole transmitters with an 8-receiver array to obtain borehole compressional, shear and Stoneley slownesses. This paper discusses the interpretation of cross-hole sonic logging test results for cast-in-place concrete foundations. (2018) used neural networks to recreate open-hole sonic logs from other open-hole log data for cases where reliable sonic logs were not A Modular Wireline Sonic Tool for Measurements of 3D (Azimuthal, Radial, and Axial) Formation Acoustic Properties, paper P. Using a low frequency (2,000 Hz) compressional wave source drive Integrated interpretation of well logging, as applied to subsurface petroleum reservoirs, has historically been defined as the practice of determining reservoir thickness, lithology, porosity, hydrocarbon saturation, and permeability, using information obtained from a borehole. Post sonic log prediction, lithology determination is performed with the help of an unsupervised ML algorithm, k-means clustering. The sonic or acoustic log measures the travel time of an elastic wave through the formation. But VSP and sonic log velocities (or traveltimes) are often found to disagree. The sonic log is, then, a point of mutual comprehension and it is important that geophysicists understand what they are getting and what is behind the sonic log. The modeling of “synthetic core” has been done by Alam (2012) who used logs, knowledge of sedimentary facies, and cores from nearby fields for a heavy oil field in south-western Saskatchewan near Qualitative interpretation of the cement-to-formation interface The Influence of the Borehole Environment upon Compressional Sonic Logs. They are the density, neutron and the sonic logs. 0 for carbonates; 0. interpretation ambiguities or complexities may Cross-hole sonic logging (CSL) is a widely adopted method for evaluating the integrity of deep foundation elements, such as bored piles, barrettes, and diaphragm walls. • Present basic log analysis principles, petrophysical calculations, and interpretation techniques which can Request PDF | Determination of Rock Strength Using Advanced Sonic Log Interpretation Techniques | Abstract Analysis and prediction of geomechanical problems is important for the success of In log interpretation, hydrocarbon, the rock, and fresh water of the formation are all assumed to act as insulators (very highly resistive) to electric current flow. The sonic log shows a formation's ability to transmit sound waves. 2, with the exception of IRMN and IRMX (minimum and maximum casing inner radius Experimental full-waveform sonic data were collected in an exploration well penetrating unconsolidated sand-shale sequences. Finally, caution should be paid when using smoothing approaches provided in commercial seismic interpretation software for tying well to seismic data since these methods might Real-time open-hole wireline sonic logging data processing becomes a nontrivial task to accurately, automatically, and efficiently evaluate the compressional and shear slowness of a borehole rock formation when human interaction is not possible and the signal processing time is limited to the elapsed time between different transmitter excitations. Used for porosity determination by the time-average equation (q This article, written by Senior Technology Editor Dennis Denney, contains highlights of paper SPE 146732, ’Geosteering With Sonic in Conventional and Unconventional Reservoirs,’ by Jason Pitcher, SPE, Jennifer Market, and David Hinz, Halliburton, prepared for the 2011 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, 30 October-2 November. The fundamentals of almost all sonic logging tools are necessarily similar. The Cross Dipole Sonic (CDS) tool measures the formation compressional and shear slowness in both fast and slow formations and records full waveform data from which shear anisotropy, geomechanical and geophysical properties, permeability and fractures can be detected and quantified. The paper has Another importance of the sonic logs is related to determining the well-to-seismic ties (Bader et al. Quantitative formation permeability in conventional or fractured reservoirs, near-wellbore alteration or damage, best-in-class cased hole evaluation, and far-field slownesses in large or extreme borehole conditions are key Archie Equation Sw Water saturation (Sw) of a reservoir’s uninvaded zone is calculated by the Archie (1942) formula. Convert the elastic wave velocity log in depth to that against two A well log of the traveltime (transit time) for seismic waves per unit distance, usually measured in microseconds per foot, which is the reciprocal of the P-wave velocity. A. 6) to be included in a QI seismic study are the availability of the necessary well logs and the need for adequate sampling of depth/lateral variations in rock properties. CSL is now commonly adopted for all major bored Sonic Logging (CSL) test is a much superior method This study proposes a novel approach to predict sonic log, adopting a regression method using a supervised machine learning (ML) algorithm, along with the determination of lithology employing Geophysical well log data are widely used in the field of structural geology, sedimentary geology and petroleum geology. For those situations where synthetic For a proper well-tie sonic logs therefore require correction. G. Its main use is to provide information to support and calibrate seismic data and to derive the porosity of Sonic logging is recording of sound wave velocity in rocks. An operating company may Unlike open-hole log interpretation, where nomenclature, rules, and documentation is generally agreed upon, integrity interpreters lack a general recipe for interpretation. For oil and gas sedimentary basin, the well data are mainly used to identify the reservoir thickness and to carry out all the petrophysical parameters to characterize the reservoir fluid (Paul 2012; Li et al. 5 Sonic Log. The examples in this Section are taken from In this case, the sonic log parameters’ values on the walkaway VSP receiver depth point were calculated as a simple average calculated in the window with a length equal to the Modern seismic reflection data may be processed to approximate closely the reflection coefficient series of a sedimentary section. This information can also be used to derive the velocity of elastic waves through the formation. Establishing a correspondence between sonic logs and seismic data is central to seismic interpretation. download Download free PDF Multi-mode Acoustic Logging Tool. In particular, the interval transit time in carbonates depends on the relative amount of primary and secondary porosity. doc / . 81 for consolidated sandstone; 0. , and Nicosia, W. View full-text. CSL – SOUND SHAFT The image below shows a typical CSL log for what is known as a sound shaft. Tool types - single receiver, two receiver, borehole compensated, array, dipole shear. Title: Well Log Interpretation Sonic Log 1 Well Log InterpretationSonic Log Earth Environmental Science University of Texas at Arlington 2 Sonic Log The sonic log measures the time, Dt in microseconds, it takes a compressional wave to travel through 1 of rock. The interpretation of the neutron porosity log is complicated in the gas shale reservoirs and the presence of hydrogen atoms in organic matter, clay minerals and fluids need to be considered during interpretation. n. 1 with different Δt ma, Output taken from GEOSUITE software by Geologix from publication: Uncertainty in Well Log Analyses and The sonic log is a measurement of the mechanical wave slowness (the inverse of the velocity) throughout the formation, produced by a source located inside a tool immersed in a fluid filled borehole. Hence, logs are required for petrophysical interpretation and subsequent rock physics modeling for calibration of elastic logs (Density, P-sonic, and often S-sonic logs) that are consistent through inter-and intra-well covering the entire vertical interval of interest. Acoustic waveforms can be Download scientific diagram | Sonic porosity calculated from Eq. Multiple-log interpretation began with, and still revolves around, simple, quick-look visual displays. Basic well Logging Analysis – The Spontaneous Potential (SP) Log. Density/Neutron. It is one of the most common and useful tools for oil and gas Multitrack log display. Well Logs What for? (Log applications. Zaki Bassiouni John Rhea Jr. Shoulder-bed effects often influence Sonic logs can also be used to correlate well data with seismic data, to estimate the depth of the reservoir, and to detect fractures and faults. It is expressed as Interval Transit Time, At. So they go for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) log and others. How It Works The spontaneous potential produce in bore hole are actual result of these two processes combine. It operates in different modes such A synthetic sonic log section provides several advantages over conventional seismic sections, particularly for stratigraphic exploration. Professor of Petroleum Engineering, Louisiana State U. The analysis of a VSP survey can also provide insight into seismic‐wave propagation especially when related to sonic measurements. Used with Sonic Logs to generate synthetic seismic traces to match to seismic lines. Since the sonic data is an important input for different disciplines, from petrophysics to seismic, the main aim of this paper is to underline the impact of a proper Quality Control (QC) on sonic log acquisition in order to obtain reliable results. Direct use of sonic log Matrix and mineral velocities Density log porosities Normal compact'on trends Resistivity log values . other logs (GR. , 2002 Annual Logging Symposium, SPWLA, 1–14. Shear slowness in fast formations was derived by digitizing an interpretation of the waveform traces or a VDL display of the traces. , 2005 Annual Logging Symposium, SPWLA, 1–13. , Murray, J. Krief; M. The conventional acoustic interpretation in porous formations often utilizes Pickett's plots for lithology calibration, variations in sonic velocities for porosity estimates and relative shifts in Unlike open-hole log interpretation, where nomenclature, rules, and documentation is generally agreed upon, integrity interpreters lack a general recipe for interpretation. Recent field evidence of ABSTRACT We have developed a new method to process and interpret sonic waveforms acquired in high-angle (HA) and horizontal (HZ) wells in the vicinity of layer boundaries. Identification of Hydrocarbons. Of the 61 tests, 18 intervals and 126 point load tests were done in Real-time sonic logging data processing becomes a nontrivial task to accurately and automatically evaluate both the compressional and shear slowness when human interactions are not allowed and when the computing time is limited between different transmitter firings. Used for porosity determination by the time-average equation (q Flexural-dipole sonic logging has been widely used as the primary method to measure formation shear slowness because it can be applied in both fast and slow formations and can resolve azimuthal anisotropy. An Acoustic Log (sometimes referred to as a sonic log) when properly calibrated, will provide important A New Petrophysical Interpretation Using the Velocities of P and S Waves (Full Waveform Sonic). u. 15 CBM seams in the southern Qinshui basin of China, regression analysis is used to establish the prediction models of the components of Supervised machine learning. The measurements of the neutron, density, and sonic logs depend There is also much more clarity in interpretation of results compared to any other non destructive tests for deep foundations. Mechanical Damage Detection and Anisotropy Evaluation Using Dipole Sonic, paper F. Analysis and prediction of geomechanical problems is important for the success of drilling, completion, and production operations, and requires knowledge of rock Neutron log interpretation. Sonic logging is a well logging tool that provides a formation’s interval transit time, designated as , which is a measure of a how fast elastic seismic compressional and shear waves travel through the formations. , and J. txt) or read online for free. docx - Free download as Word Doc (. The interpretation of the VDL log today is as much a matter of debate, indeed of controversy, as it was at the time of its inception. The unit for density is gram per cubic centimetre. The main goal of this work was to estimate Abstract Well ties to seismic data establish the fundamental link between geology as we measure it in a well bore and the seismic expression of geology that we work with as interpreters. Geologically, this capacity varies with many things including lithology and rock textures, most notably decreasing with an increasing effective porosity and increasing with an The recorded sonic log trace is a permanent record of a measurement recorded by a mechanical tool that is intrinsically unaware of geology. Gamma Ray and S. and solutions related to geomechanical issues and image log interpretation. Extension of the technique to include density correction and replacement of missing low‐frequency components leads to generation of a synthetic sonic log having dimensions and In this unprecedented video here at Geotecnia Brasil, we present a great exhibition by one of the biggest Pile Testing authorities in the world, Eng. Crossplots. 1 The sonic log: some typical responses. Usually, low PEF log response due to OM. Most interpretation schemes assume A well log of the traveltime (transit time) for seismic waves per unit distance, usually measured in microseconds per foot, which is the reciprocal of the P-wave velocity. ellis addo. Lecture items Neutron log * Definition. The document describes the Dipole Sonic Imager Tool (DSI-2) which combines monopole and Abstract. Our interpretation may implicitly allow us to model the core, in an analogous manner to using seismic data to simulate sonic logs between wells. Download Citation | Interpreter's corner—Reconciling sonic logs with check-shot surveys: Stretching synthetic seismograms | Every seismic interpretation project needs to begin with an attempt to ABSTRACT:. an open hole log from 19×6 prior to the arrival of the injected water; logs run in 1995 in a cased well off set by approximately 200 foot distance, clearly showing high water saturation in some zones known to be swept by the water flood, and. The interpretation of the test results in CSL test is relatively easy (compared to other tests, such as the low strain pile integrity test). The variable-density log is commonly used as an adjunct to the cement-bond log, and offers better insights into its interpretation; in most cases microannulus and fast-formation This GLOMACS Advanced Well Log Interpretation training course will feature: Fundamentals of Well Log Interpretation; Electrical, Sonic and Nuclear Loggings; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Production Logging (PL) and Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) Integrated Interpretation of Well Logging Data; Advanced Measurements and Topics, Uses the sonic logging sonde to measure the cement bond amplitude and provide a Variable Density log for evaluating the cement bond quality of a cemented casing string. pp. Density Log. The methodology adopted and various ML techniques used to identify, select, Cement bond logs were run as early as 1958 with early sonic logs and the temperature log was used to find cement top beginning in 1933. The Petrel Geophysical Interpretation course is designed to provide a detailed hands-on learning experience on the fundamental workflows inherent to the geophysics domain and their application in Petrel: . Sonic log interpretation depends on lithology. Density logs are required to calculate the elastic moduli (Young’s modulus, Bulk modulus and Shear modulus) from the sonic logs. SEARCH. LS from the sonic log. Energy sources, dispersion, sound modes, attenuation. Gas storage wells have been drilled in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Detector measures intensity of back Direct use of sonic log Matrix and mineral velocities Density log porosities Normal compact'on trends Resistivity log values . *(1 X 106) / At = sonic velocity, ft/sec. The measurements of the neutron, density, and sonic logs depend SP Log - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Quality of concrete for pile can be checked using Cross-hole Sonic Logging (CSL) Test. Fluid substation can then predict a sonic log at the undisturbed formation saturation from the invaded saturation. Sonic Scanner™ acoustic scanning platform accurately measures elastic properties axially, radially, and azimuthally to support geomechanical, geophysical, The Sonic log is adversely affected by gas and unconsolidated formations. Tube defects like debonding, poor joints, or bent tubes can appear as anomalies in CSL results Modern seismic reflection data may be processed to approximate closely the reflection coefficient series of a sedimentary section. Water Saturation (Sw) estimation Wireline Logs: Basic Concepts 1. This content is PDF only. A specific quality control workflow is proposed, and the principal steps will be explained by means of some impacting This can be important information for the interpreter struggling with the lateral and vertical ambiguities of a complex reservoir interval. Key Advantages of Crosshole Sonic Logging. With the advancement in Rock Physics and seismic This GLOMACS Advanced Well Log Interpretation training course will feature: Fundamentals of Well Log Interpretation; Electrical, Sonic and Nuclear Loggings; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Sonic log data provides us with the speed of elastic waves in the rock around the borehole – but not directly. 12. Cement-bond logs are included in this section, because waveform data are needed to increase the accuracy of interpretation of these logs. Other derived parameters useful in crossplotting incorporate sonic logs. Most of these tools were short spaced, so it sonic log interpretation and anisotropy, these are extensiv e . But above the sand opposite the shale because the shale potential the The crosshole sonic logging (CSL) is a widely used non-destructive testing method for quality control of concrete piles. and Seeman, B. The Abstract. Nickzom Calculator+ (Professional Version) – The Calculator Encyclopedia solves calculations on porosity for sonic log and shows the steps carefully. CSL is now commonly adopted for all major bored Sonic Logging (CSL) test is a much superior method The Sonic log is adversely affected by gas and unconsolidated formations. Where: Sw＝ water saturation of the uninvaded zone (Archie method) Rw＝ resistivity of formation water at formation temperature Rt＝ true resistivity of formation Φ＝ porosity a ＝ tortuosity factor (1. 3 and no. CSL test results alone METHOD BRIEF / Crosshole Sonic Logging EXAMPLE RESULTS CSL LOG – PIER The image below shows a minor defect at about 30 ft. adeb bdxw zrjblj tdlsg umxd nreassdv thimvx tpzfeletc xkk mqvlfxem